Toussaint had been arrested and sent to Fort-de-Joux, heavily guarded, on April 7 1803, he passed away. Certainly he suffered from exposure and cold, and was said to have suffered from loneliness. An autopsy attributed his death to lung disease.
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Toussaint avait été arrêté et envoyé à Fort-de-Joux, sous haute surveillance, le 7 avril 1803, il est décédé. Certes, il souffrait de froid et d’exposition et aurait souffert de solitude. Une autopsie a attribué sa mort à une maladie pulmonaire.
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Yo te arete Toussaint Ayiti epi yo te voye l nan Fort-de-Joux, nan prizon a yo te byen veye li, nan dat 7 avril 1803, li te mouri. Sètènman li te soufri nan kondisyon fredi nan kacho a, e yo di li te soufri solitid. Yon otopsi atribiye lanmò li ak maladi poumon.
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Source: Victor Schoelcher, book Vie de Toussaint Louverture
1.Main) Bust of Toussaint Louverture
2.Prison of Fort de Joux, where Toussaint died. Kote Toussaint te mouri.
3.Memorial plate.
4.Memorial place with his remains. Simityè kote yo antere li.
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#haiti #hayti #tousaint #toussaintlouverture #louverture #fortdejoux #joux #france #prison #prisonner #prisonnier #memorial #haitians #haitianrevolution #revolution #slavery #abolition #breda #blackspartacus #freedom #general #slaverebellion #indigenous #spartacus

Pure mulatto, son of a rich planter and a black woman. He was educated in Bordeaux. but was always inclined towards the army. –
Narrow-minded, he never succeeded either in stifling the feelings of prejudice against black Haitians, whom he did not forgive, or against the whites for having the same feeling towards him and towards his social class based off his race. –
About him Madiou said: “He was very dark with crinkly hair. He always wore a wig of smooth hair.” Perhaps, it is true, the smooth-haired wig was connected with his immoderate love of pleasure.
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By 1796, “Rigaud was virtually dictator” in the south. No black soldiers rose above the rank of captain in his army.
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Increasingly, Rigaud became jealous of Toussaint’s successes and recognition. Seemingly unable to stop himself, he began turning every victory into defeat. After badly losing a final virulent set of conflicts beginning with ‘the war of the knife’. Rigaud was ordered back to France. –
After a 5 months siege of Jacmel, Petion fled at night but some of his soldiers were caught and killed.
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Later that year, in July 1800, Rigaud fled the island and tried to go to France, when more problems were awaiting him… .
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#rigaud #toussaintlouverture #louverture #petion #blackpanther #petion #boyer #mulatto #coloredmen #hedouville #france #haiti #ayiti #1804 #jacmel #1800

On this day of 9 March 1807 Alexandre Petion becomes President of the Republic of Haiti.
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Following the assassination of Dessalines on October 17, 1806, Pétion championed the ideals of democracy and clashed with Henri Christophe who wanted absolute rule. Christophe was elected president, but he did not believe the position had sufficient power, as Pétion kept powers for himself. Christophe went to the north with his followers and established an autocracy, declaring the State of Haiti. The loyalties of the country divided between them, and the tensions between the blacks and mulattoes of the North and South, respectively, were reignited.
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Pétion was elected President in 1807 of the southern Republic of Haiti. After the inconclusive struggle dragged on until 1810, a peace treaty was agreed to and the country was split in two.
Source:wiki
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The Battle of Ravine-à-Couleuvres (Haitian Creole: Batay Ravin Koulèv), also known as the Battle of Snake Gully, was a major battle of the Haitian Revolution held on 23 February 1802.

A French division under General Donatien de Rochambeau was advancing down a ravine (the Ravine-à-Couleuvres), towards Lacroix, Artibonite, where they attacked the army of Toussaint Louverture.
Louverture’s forces resisted the attack strongly, but had to retreat across the Petite-Rivière after suffering 800 deaths.

In a statement made at the Fort de Joux, Louverture claimed that his forces consisted of 300 grenadiers and 60 cavalry, although other sources indicate that his forces contained over 3,000 regular infantry troops.
However, it is almost certain that a large number of his forces – up to 2,000 men – were agricultural workers who joined the rebel forces.
Louverture wrote that the French forces contained over 4,000 infantry soldiers, but according to the novelist and historian Madison Smartt Bell, Rochambeau probably landed at Fort-Liberté with 1,800 men, but not all of these would have marched on Gonaïves.

Prior to the battle on 22 February 1802, the French occupied the heights of Morne Barade and were attacked by rebel troops; the battle raged throughout the night and the French forces successfully resisted the attack. The following morning, the Haitian forces advanced out of the Ravine-à-Couleuvres as the French were travelling down it towards Lacroix, while Louverture rallied his cavalry.
According to Bell, the losses of Louverture’s army were minor.

Source: Wikipedia .
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The French General Leclerc was sent to North of Saint-Domingue on the orders of Napoléon Bonaparte to re-establish slavery. He arrives with his troups in ”Le Cap“ on February 2nd, 1802. General Leclerc addressed the people of the colony from his headquarters on February 17th 1802.He does not mention the true ambitions of his campaign against the Revolutionary forces but in his proclamation, General Toussaint Louverture and General Henri Christophe are outlawed and their immidiate capture is requested by the French Republic.
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On January 27th 1801, Toussaint Louverture invaded the eastern part of Hispaniola, captured Santo Domingo and declared freedom for all slaves on, he then appointed a ten-member Central Assembly to issue a constitution.
However, under Napoleon Bonaparte, France reimposed slavery in most of its Caribbean islands in 1802. Napoleon sent an army led by Charles Leclerc to bring order and reimpose slavery in Saint-Domingue.

Following those events, thousands of the French troops succumbed to yellow fever by the summer, and more than half of the French army died because of disease.
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#culture #istwa #montreal #haitien #haitian #ayiti #ayitien #ourstory #controlthenarrative #napoleonbonaparte #charlesleclerc #istwa1804 #mystory #history #haitianrevolution #haiti #istwa #saintdomingue #santodomingo #hispaniola #toussaintlouverture #leclerc #dessalines #overstand #christophe #yellowfever #henrichristophe #freedom #napoleonbonaparte #napoleon #slavery