À l’arrivée de Jean Jacques Dessalines au Cap-Haïtien, il n’y avait que quelques incidents violents isolés à travers la ville. Cependant à son arrivée, les choses changèrent de façons radicales.
À la fin du mois d’avril 1804, 3 000 à 5 000 personnes avaient été tuées, ce qui signifie que les Blancs avaient pratiquement été éradiqués. Seuls trois groupes de Blancs — en dehors des étrangers — avaient été désignés comme devant être traités à part et épargnés : les soldats polonais qui avaient déserté de l’armée française, le petit groupe de colons allemands invités à s’installer dans le nord-ouest d’Haïti avant la révolution, et un groupe de médecins ou autres personnes qualifiées. Certains habitants ayant eu des liens avec des officiers de l’armée haïtienne auraient aussi été épargnées, de même que les femmes qui acceptaient d’épouser des hommes de couleur.
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When Jean Jacques Dessalines arrived in Cap-Haïtien, there were only isolated violent incidents throughout the city. However, when he arrived, things changed dramatically.

By the end of April 1804, 3,000 to 5,000 people had been killed, which means that Whites had virtually been eradicated. Only three groups of whites – apart from foreigners – had been designated as being to be treated separately and spared: the Polish soldiers who had deserted from the French army, the small group of German settlers invited to settle in the north. west of Haiti before the revolution, and a group of doctors or other qualified people. Some residents who had links with officers of the Haitian army were also spared, as well as women who agreed to marry men of color.

During the Haitian civil war of 1912, Oreste Zamor and his brother Charles, both generals, supported Caimito Ramírez and harbored his troops. In 1914, the 2 brothers entered the war, resulting in a “short and chaotic” presidency for Oreste from Feb. 8 to Oct. 29 of that year. He was opposed in his by General Davilmar Théodore, who refused to recognize his authority, and by U.S. businessmen who had financial interests in Haiti.
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The U.S. government sought control of customs in Haiti and of the Môle-Saint-Nicolas from his government, which first demanded U.S. recognition of its legitimacy. The French and German governments opposed U.S. demands, and Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan submitted a modified proposal to Charles Zamor. The Zamors declined to accept the plan. After 4 months of fighting, Oreste Zamor was ousted from the presidency succeeded by Joseph Davilmar Théodore. He was executed the next year by the Guillaume Sam’s government, who was murdered gruesomely after holding office for 5 months.
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Au cours de la guerre civile haïtienne de 1912, Oreste Zamor et son frère Charles, tous deux généraux, soutiennent Caimito Ramírez et hébergent ses troupes dans leurs districts. En 1914, les deux frères sont entrés en guerre, ce qui a entraîné une présidence “courte et chaotique” pour Oreste du 8 au 29 octobre de la même année. Le général Davilmar Théodore, qui ne respectait pas son autorité, et les hommes d’affaires américains ayant des intérêts financiers en Haïti s’opposaient à sa candidature.
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Le gouvernement des États-Unis a demandé à son gouvernement de prendre le contrôle des douanes américaines en Haïti et du Môle-Saint-Nicolas, tout en exigeant la reconnaissance de sa légitimité par les États-Unis. Les gouvernements français et allemand se sont opposés aux demandes américaines et le secrétaire d’État William Jennings Bryan a soumis une proposition modifiée à Charles Zamor. Les Zamors ont refusé d’accepter le plan. Après 4 mois de combats, Davilmar Théodore a évincé Oreste Zamor de la présidence a été exécuté l’année suivante par le gouvernement de Vilbrun, Guillaume Sam, qui a été assassiné de manière macabre après 5 mois plus tard.

Tembleque / Puerto Rican Coconut Pudding

Whether you’re from the Caribbean and want to have a taste of home this holiday season, or you simply have a love of tropical foods and want to include them in your holiday menu, these delicious Caribbean holiday desserts are sure to satisfy. This list of carefully selected traditional recipes includes cakes, puddings, dessert bread, and even ice cream. When it’s time to eat, just remember to save some room for dessert 😉

1. Tembleque (Puerto Rican Coconut Pudding)

Tembleque is a sweet and mild coconut dessert from Puerto Rico resembling pudding or gelatin. The name literally translates to “jiggle” and when you try it you’ll see why! This delicious dessert only requires a handful of ingredients and about 5 minutes of active cooking time. Try this authentic tembleque recipe.

2. Grenadian Nutmeg Ice Cream

Flavorful and delightfully aromatic nutmeg is showcased in velvety nutmeg ice cream from the “spice isle”, Grenada. For the best flavor, use freshly ground nutmeg. Try this simple nutmeg ice cream recipe, no ice cream machine required.

Grenadian Nutmeg Ice Cream

3. Cake de Ron (Cuban Rum Cake)

Cuba’s version of rum cake, cake de ron, is different from other rum cakes commonly made throughout the Caribbean. You won’t find any rum-soaked fruits in this super moist Bundt cake, but with lemon zest, banana liquor, and of course plenty of nice dark rum, the flavors are complex and delicious. Try this traditional cake de ron recipe.

Cake de Ron / Cuban Rum Cake

4. Jamaican Black Cake (Christmas Fruit Cake)

Jamaican black cake, or christmas pudding, is a spiced cake made with a combination of raisins, cherries, prunes, and other fruits. This classic holiday dessert has endless variations, and surely no two households make it exactly the same way. Most recipes call for soaking the dried fruits in wine and/or rum for up to a year before baking. Try this classic Jamaican black cake recipe.

Black Cake / Christmas Fruit Cake / Jamaican Christmas Pudding (Courtesy @jehancancook | Instagram)

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